The Welsh rise against the English and proclaim Owain Glyn Dwr as their own prince of Wales

Driven from Aberystwyth and Harlech, Owain Glyn Dwr loses support - and the last Welsh rebellion fades away

The Hussites build a new fortified town at Tabor as their fortress headquarters

Jan Zizka wins a series of victories against papal armies, using the mobile barricade which becomes known as his 'war wagon fortress'

Ivan III, grand prince of Russia, becomes the first to deny the Mongols of the Golden Horde their annual tribute of tax

Lambert Simnel, supposedly a nephew of Edward IV, is crowned in Dublin - but ends up working in the royal kitchens of Henry VII

The king of France is among those supporting Perkin Warbeck, supposedly a prince from the Tower, in his attempt on the English throne

After three feeble attempts to invade England, Perkin Warbeck is captured by Henry VII (in 1497) and is hanged at Tyburn

Martin Luther nails his 95 Theses to the door of the castle church in Wittenberg

Luther's writings are burnt in Rome by order of the pope

Pope Leo X excommunicates Martin Luther after he has refused to recant

Luther travels to the German city of Worms to present his case to an imperial diet

Luther bears witness to a Protestant conscience, stating at Worms: 'Here I stand, I can not do otherwise.'

Huldreich Zwingli eats sausage in Lent in Zurich, launching the Swiss Reformation

Conrad Grebel baptises an adult, causing outrage in Protestant Zurich

The 'Protestation' of various princes and imperial cities at Speyer identifies them as Protestants

The Augsburg Confession, presented by Melanchthon to the imperial diet, defines the Lutheran faith

The Protestant princes of Germany form the defensive League of Schmalkalden

Paris wakes up to find Protestant placards all over the place, mocking the sacrament of the mass

Protestant reformer John Calvin settles in Geneva and submits the city to a strict Christian rule

John Knox returns to Scotland from Geneva and inspires the Protestants to march on Edinburgh

A rebellion in the north of England aims to put Mary Queen of Scots on the English throne

Sea beggars seize the town of Brill and raise the flag of William of Orange (also known as William the Silent)

In the Oath of Abjuration the northern provinces of the Netherlands formally reject the rule of the Spanish king, Philip II

The Edict of Nantes secures the civil rights of France's Protestants, the Huguenots